1 00:00:00,810 --> 00:00:07,200 Uh, some drugs can split into partitions in order to manage and uh and separate information. 2 00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:14,130 So, for instance, you may want to separate your hard drives so that your swept file home directory 3 00:00:14,130 --> 00:00:17,880 and root directory are all on separate partitions. 4 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:24,780 So you may want to do this for a number of reasons uh, including to share resources and to reflect 5 00:00:24,790 --> 00:00:25,930 the different permissions. 6 00:00:25,980 --> 00:00:32,430 So the new labels each partition with a minor number that comes after the Z designation. 7 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:41,460 So this way, uh, then first partition on the certain, uh, wold be SD, a one I won't forget here 8 00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:43,370 is here. 9 00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,440 So let's find a CTA here. 10 00:00:46,950 --> 00:00:49,950 This is, uh, my hard drive. 11 00:00:51,060 --> 00:01:03,690 If you had a second device, attach it to your computer, you will still be SDC esteem or SDF like that. 12 00:01:04,110 --> 00:01:09,030 How many files that many SD and Alphabet you will have? 13 00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:11,130 So. 14 00:01:14,660 --> 00:01:21,170 Uh, this way, uh, mine, the miner, as you can see here, that this way, uh uh, the first position 15 00:01:21,170 --> 00:01:25,480 on the setup will, uh, drive Baldwin SD a one. 16 00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:33,490 So the second position will do it and stick a tool towards the tree and so on. 17 00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:33,860 Yeah. 18 00:01:34,970 --> 00:01:42,920 And here so at times, you may want to view the politicians on your Linux system to see which one, 19 00:01:43,310 --> 00:01:47,000 which ones you have and how much capacity is available in each. 20 00:01:47,450 --> 00:01:51,170 You can do this by using if disk utility utility. 21 00:01:52,230 --> 00:02:03,360 And um, if this utility, you can do this by if this utility and using L Switch with fdisk lifts all 22 00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:10,580 the partitions here because we need to, uh, give of permissions to this pseudo and Typekit of kind 23 00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:11,400 of passport here. 24 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:16,470 As you can see here, we have, uh, we printed all of our disks here. 25 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:27,150 So as you can see here, the device's SD, A1, SD, A2 and A5 are listed in the first stanza. 26 00:02:28,110 --> 00:02:34,290 So these three devices make up the virtual disks from my virtual machine, which is, um. 27 00:02:35,660 --> 00:02:44,360 Eighteen eighty gigabyte drive with three partitions here, including the server partitions, um, including 28 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:51,950 the smart partitions and which acts like a virtual lame ram, similar to page files and windows. 29 00:02:52,990 --> 00:02:56,080 So sweat partitions and it's like a virtual ram. 30 00:02:56,920 --> 00:03:03,020 It's similar to windows like windows using patch partition for virtual ram. 31 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:03,370 Right? 32 00:03:04,150 --> 00:03:08,500 So this partition is using when a RAM capacity is accepted. 33 00:03:08,650 --> 00:03:18,100 So if you scan down here now to the third Cesar, if you have it external drive, you will see a second 34 00:03:18,100 --> 00:03:22,480 device output designed by SD, B or STC here. 35 00:03:22,870 --> 00:03:29,890 So, uh, this can be your flash are flash drive or, um, anything here. 36 00:03:29,950 --> 00:03:40,570 So actually, we can, uh, see our drives here with Partition Gparted application here and you can 37 00:03:40,570 --> 00:03:41,620 run Gparted. 38 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:46,240 You parked it like that and enter your password here. 39 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:47,480 In my case is Kala. 40 00:03:47,650 --> 00:03:54,250 By default, as you can see, we can see our device's actual partition as well. 41 00:03:54,830 --> 00:03:57,520 It this is the one device here attached to it. 42 00:03:58,180 --> 00:04:01,960 And as you can see here, we have a two gigabyte. 43 00:04:03,290 --> 00:04:05,360 Actual seventy nine gigabyte. 44 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:14,300 Main system, a root system, the second is extended and the second the third is Linux smart and one 45 00:04:14,300 --> 00:04:18,130 megabyte is unallocated near, as you can see the SDR. 46 00:04:18,230 --> 00:04:22,070 I have one hard disk and another X and I have discussed attached to it. 47 00:04:22,730 --> 00:04:31,310 So something else to note about the naming of the files in the directory is that the first positions 48 00:04:31,310 --> 00:04:34,820 contains either C or B. 49 00:04:35,810 --> 00:04:43,580 So you can see here, for example, uh, as L here as you can see or C. 50 00:04:44,910 --> 00:04:50,040 Or be here, we will have, as you can see there, a bee here. 51 00:04:51,390 --> 00:04:58,710 So what this means, so these letter represents the two ways that devices transfer data in and out. 52 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:05,760 So this C stands for character on this device are known as you might expect as a character devices. 53 00:05:06,840 --> 00:05:13,230 So external devices that interact with the system by sending and receiving data collected by characters 54 00:05:13,230 --> 00:05:13,800 such as. 55 00:05:14,980 --> 00:05:23,980 Mice or keyboards are connected devices, the B stands for the second type look devices, they communicate 56 00:05:23,980 --> 00:05:31,660 in blocks of data, multiple bytes at a time and include devices like hard drives and DVD, DVD drives 57 00:05:32,290 --> 00:05:33,650 and et cetera. 58 00:05:33,910 --> 00:05:41,020 These drives require high speed data transport and therefore send and receive data in blocks, many 59 00:05:41,020 --> 00:05:43,090 connectors or bytes at a time. 60 00:05:44,260 --> 00:05:49,750 So once you know whether a device is character or a bloke's device, you can easily get more information 61 00:05:49,750 --> 00:05:51,430 about it, as you will see next. 62 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:59,890 So less blook devices and interfere in information with LSV Alki at least be OK. 63 00:06:00,130 --> 00:06:07,120 So Linux and the Linux common lisp health care for least block here, least block here. 64 00:06:07,780 --> 00:06:16,960 So this common list some basic information about each block device now listed in the Div Directory directory. 65 00:06:17,620 --> 00:06:21,700 So the result is similar to the output from the FTC IL here. 66 00:06:22,270 --> 00:06:27,250 So but it will also display the devices with multiple partitions in a kind of tree. 67 00:06:27,700 --> 00:06:35,260 So showing each device, which is partition as bridges here, uh, like that and does not require root 68 00:06:35,710 --> 00:06:37,300 privileges to a room run. 69 00:06:37,420 --> 00:06:41,380 So as you can see, we have SD and Xerox here. 70 00:06:42,430 --> 00:06:49,900 So the output includes the floppy, uh, if you have a little drive here, if T zero and DVD drive s 71 00:06:50,250 --> 00:06:51,990 s s are zero. 72 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:54,040 So this isn't my DVD drive here. 73 00:06:54,850 --> 00:07:02,560 Uh, so this is simply a holdover for legacy systems for we can also see information on the mount point 74 00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:03,700 of the drive here. 75 00:07:04,180 --> 00:07:08,500 As you can see, there's multiple multipoint swap and this is the root directory, which is seven to 76 00:07:08,500 --> 00:07:11,380 nine hours, 18 and gigabytes here. 77 00:07:12,610 --> 00:07:13,330 Um, and. 78 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:23,510 Not at them, Hard Drive is a one month old here, um, the road and the flash drive, if you have it, 79 00:07:23,510 --> 00:07:30,670 will amount to media here, so you will see more the significant of this in next pictures, actually 80 00:07:30,710 --> 00:07:32,900 next nine minutes here. 81 00:07:33,650 --> 00:07:35,690 So mounting and mounting. 82 00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:44,680 Most modern operating systems, including most new versions of Linux, Ottoman storage devices when 83 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:50,290 they are attached, so meaning the new flash drive or hardware is automatically attached to the file 84 00:07:50,290 --> 00:07:58,300 system for those new to Linux, the mounting might be a subject, so a storage device must be first 85 00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:02,230 physically connected to the file system and then logically attached to the file system. 86 00:08:02,620 --> 00:08:05,710 In order for the data to be made available to the operating system. 87 00:08:06,130 --> 00:08:12,730 In other words, if the device is physically or physically attached to the system, it's a that's necessarily 88 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:16,580 logically attached and available to the operating system. 89 00:08:16,900 --> 00:08:23,950 So the term mount is a legacy from the early days of competing, when storage tapes before hard drives 90 00:08:23,950 --> 00:08:27,970 had had to be physically mounted to the computer system. 91 00:08:28,510 --> 00:08:32,110 Think of these big computers with spinning tape drives. 92 00:08:32,110 --> 00:08:39,790 You might have seen old science fiction movies here, and I mentioned the point in the Directory three 93 00:08:40,210 --> 00:08:44,710 directory where the drives are attached is known as the Mount Point. 94 00:08:44,890 --> 00:08:50,130 So the two main ones in Linux are entire year. 95 00:08:50,680 --> 00:08:53,470 Actually, that's what happened. 96 00:08:54,890 --> 00:08:55,220 Most. 97 00:08:56,790 --> 00:08:57,390 I'm sorry. 98 00:08:57,630 --> 00:08:58,290 Display. 99 00:09:07,070 --> 00:09:07,430 Here. 100 00:09:16,250 --> 00:09:17,630 I'm sorry, one minute, please. 101 00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:23,580 OK. 102 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:29,980 OK, we fixed it. 103 00:09:30,850 --> 00:09:32,800 So let's see the. 104 00:09:33,820 --> 00:09:34,150 Near. 105 00:09:37,010 --> 00:09:38,180 It's modest. 106 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:44,490 So when as much as I mentioned the point in the directory three where the device are attached is known 107 00:09:44,490 --> 00:09:45,690 as the mind point. 108 00:09:46,140 --> 00:09:55,120 So the two main mount, no points in Linux are A. and media here media. 109 00:09:55,140 --> 00:10:02,340 As a general rule, internal hard drives are mandated to monitor that MMT and external use drives such 110 00:10:02,340 --> 00:10:10,290 as flash drives and external USB drives are mounted at media through a specially taken and taken strategically. 111 00:10:10,290 --> 00:10:11,700 Command directory can be used. 112 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:15,910 So here I am using visual books. 113 00:10:16,010 --> 00:10:21,760 I actually am not using VMware here, so I will create a new USB flash drive. 114 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:23,980 Here is the controller. 115 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:28,160 Hard disk drive. 116 00:10:29,490 --> 00:10:33,090 This will be OK, great visual. 117 00:10:33,410 --> 00:10:38,010 It will be by 0.5 gigabyte. 118 00:10:39,700 --> 00:10:42,310 Store desk has a single file. 119 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:42,990 OK. 120 00:10:46,830 --> 00:10:54,270 So in some versions of Linux, you amounted to a dry manual in in order in order to access its content. 121 00:10:54,660 --> 00:11:03,270 So this is a skill worth learning to your man to drive on the pipeline system, use the Mount Command. 122 00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:07,740 So demand point for the device will be an empty directory. 123 00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:16,890 If you want a device on a directory that has UM directory to subdirectories and files, the smart device 124 00:11:16,890 --> 00:11:21,810 will cover the contents of the directory, so making them invisible and unavailable. 125 00:11:22,140 --> 00:11:29,680 So the mount the new hard drive, for example, SDP amount is to be one at the M.A. Directory. 126 00:11:29,680 --> 00:11:41,820 You will enter here and Mount Dev SDB, SD or step one and month M.A. him into directory. 127 00:11:42,210 --> 00:11:50,340 So you have four in mounting the you will enter um, this following into a command M.A. you will have 128 00:11:50,340 --> 00:11:51,870 to use sudo here. 129 00:11:52,230 --> 00:11:55,860 And step one is not existed because it's either. 130 00:11:55,930 --> 00:12:01,190 I have no intel then instead be to my seer or external drive or drive. 131 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:04,080 You know, the hard drive should be available for access. 132 00:12:04,260 --> 00:12:10,560 So if you want to monitor, um, flash drive STC one, is this one. 133 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:14,270 Is this given to Media Directory? 134 00:12:14,750 --> 00:12:18,410 Uh, you know, you, uh, do enter this month here. 135 00:12:18,890 --> 00:12:19,310 So. 136 00:12:21,420 --> 00:12:27,280 We can amongst our devices as well, so if you are coming from a Mac or Windows window background, 137 00:12:27,490 --> 00:12:33,640 so you're probably on the drive without knowing so before your removal flash drive from your system, 138 00:12:33,940 --> 00:12:39,610 your as you remember, they mean right click on to erect it to keep causing damage to the files stored 139 00:12:39,610 --> 00:12:40,510 in the device. 140 00:12:40,840 --> 00:12:43,780 So Eject is just another word for unwanted. 141 00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:51,510 So similar to Mount Command, you can on want a second hard drive by entering on Mont or you're actually 142 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:53,180 not amount you want. 143 00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:54,650 You want? 144 00:12:55,180 --> 00:13:04,930 Uh, here uh was followed by the entry of the device in the directory here, our dev sdb1, for example. 145 00:13:06,130 --> 00:13:06,580 And. 146 00:13:07,940 --> 00:13:08,410 Um. 147 00:13:09,570 --> 00:13:14,860 A similar demand comment you can on want a second hard drive by entering command here? 148 00:13:15,870 --> 00:13:18,930 Well, for example, I entered SDP one year. 149 00:13:24,350 --> 00:13:29,460 And then click Enter and this you can see it, I have no such file or directory because I know that 150 00:13:29,960 --> 00:13:36,440 I entered in this um stibbe one here so we can monitor files here. 151 00:13:36,670 --> 00:13:37,110 Yeah. 152 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:39,860 You be in this lecture as well. 153 00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:40,880 We will. 154 00:13:41,330 --> 00:13:45,230 We will also look at some comments for monitoring this state of the fire system. 155 00:13:45,650 --> 00:13:48,770 So esco necessary for any hacker or system administrator. 156 00:13:48,890 --> 00:13:56,360 So we will get some information about the amount of disks and then checked for and fix errors here. 157 00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:01,040 So storage devices are virtually error front, so it's not learning the skill. 158 00:14:01,550 --> 00:14:04,490 So getting information on mounted disks, actually, it's me. 159 00:14:04,670 --> 00:14:05,050 Sure. 160 00:14:05,090 --> 00:14:05,420 OK. 161 00:14:05,750 --> 00:14:11,810 So getting information on mounted disk to the command, the f the f. 162 00:14:13,770 --> 00:14:21,000 Um, means this hopefully will provide us with basic information on any hard disks or smart devices 163 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:27,590 such as CDs or DVDs and flash drives, including how much space is being used and how much is available 164 00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:29,430 with alternate options. 165 00:14:29,850 --> 00:14:38,010 DD if Dev holds the first drive on your system, in this case, it is, uh, it's a and. 166 00:14:41,420 --> 00:14:46,810 If you want to check a different drive simply full of DMF, comment here. 167 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:50,300 Uh, buy your driving him. 168 00:14:52,740 --> 00:14:54,870 So we can check errors as well here. 169 00:14:55,240 --> 00:15:03,610 Know if it's if it's, uh, see command shortfall fi system check checks to file system for errors and 170 00:15:03,610 --> 00:15:04,680 the repairs the damage. 171 00:15:05,660 --> 00:15:13,490 If possible or else, plus the bed area in to a bad bloke's table to market as a bed so near to turn 172 00:15:13,940 --> 00:15:19,340 to run, if it's seeking common, you need to specify the filesystem type here. 173 00:15:21,850 --> 00:15:23,090 Actual, uh. 174 00:15:25,090 --> 00:15:29,470 And I will not continue here, so you can. 175 00:15:29,740 --> 00:15:41,200 So in order to run it first, you hold one moment there is to be one or your, um, your file system, 176 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:43,920 I it storage devices. 177 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:45,160 So. 178 00:15:47,020 --> 00:15:53,080 Um, and then you can run if it's seeking comment here, which I will not run. 179 00:15:53,320 --> 00:16:01,000 So understanding how Linux designers and manage its devices is circular for any Linux user and hacker 180 00:16:01,450 --> 00:16:07,180 hackers will need to know what devices are attached to a system and how much space is available. 181 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:13,300 Because storage devices are often develop errors here so we can check and report these errors with f 182 00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:20,680 s c key and D, the command is capable of making the physical copy of a device, including any deleted 183 00:16:20,680 --> 00:16:21,430 files, of course.